Membrane Bioreactors (MBRs) have emerged as a popular technology for wastewater treatment due to their high removal efficiencies and compact footprint. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes are widely utilized in MBR systems owing to their possessing resistance to fouling, chemical resistance, an

Membrane Aerated Bioreactors (MABRs) are emerging as the demands posed by modern wastewater treatment. MABR technology utilize aerobic digestion to effectively treat contaminants from wastewater, resulting in a cleaner and more sustainable effluent discharge. Furthermore, MABRs offer, they consume